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In civil engineering, a cut or cutting is where soil or rock material from a hill or mountain is cut out to make way for a canal, road or railway line. In cut and fill construction it keeps the route straight and/or flat, where the comparative cost or practicality of alternate solutions (such as diversion) is prohibitive. Contrary to the general meaning of cutting, a cutting in construction is mechanically excavated or blasted out with carefully placed explosives. The cut may only be on one side of a slope, or directly through the middle or top of a hill. Generally, a cut is open at the top (otherwise it is a tunnel). A cut is (in a sense) the opposite of an embankment. When used in reference to transportation routes, it reduces the grade of the route. Cuts can be created by multiple passes of a shovel, grader, scraper or excavator, or by blasting.〔Herbert L. Nichols, Jr., and David A. Day, P.E., ''Moving the Earth: The Workbook of Excavation,'' 5th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005), pp. 8.16 et seq.〕 One unusual means of creating a cut is to remove the roof of a tunnel through daylighting. Material removed from cuts is ideally balanced by material needed for fills along the same route, but this is not always the case when cut material is unsuitable for use as fill. The word is also used in the same sense in mining, as in an open cut mine. ==History== The term ''cutting'' appears in the 19th century literature to designate rock cuts developed to moderate grades of railway lines.〔Alexander Smith (1875) ''A new history of Aberdeenshire''〕 ''Railway Age's Comprehensive Railroad Dictionary'' defines a cut as "a passage cut for the roadway through an obstacle of rock or dirt."〔Robert G. Lewis et al., eds., ''Railway Age's Comprehensive Railroad Dictionary'' (Omaha, Neb.: Simmons-Boardman Books, 1984), p. 48. This reference does not include a definition for the corresponding term fill.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cut (earthmoving)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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